题目：ARGUMENT17 – The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Walnut Grove town newspaper.

“Walnut Grove’s town council has advocated switching from EZ Disposal (which has had the contract for trash collection services in Walnut Grove for the past ten years) to ABC Waste, because EZ recently raised its monthly fee from $2,000 to $2,500 a month, whereas ABC’s fee is still $2,000. But the town council is mistaken; we should continue using EZ. EZ collects trash twice a week, while ABC collects only once. Moreover, EZ-which, like ABC, currently has a fleet of 20 trucks-has ordered additional trucks. Finally, EZ provides exceptional service: 80 percent of respondents to last year’s town survey agreed that they were ‘satisfied’ with EZ’s performance.”
字数：288 用时：上午 12:30:00 日期：2006-7-15

The arguer quotes three evidence to support his viewpoint that Walnut Grove should continue using EZ for trash collection services rather than ABC, although the fee of latter is lower. But these evidences provide no sufficient advantages beyond ABC’s lower fee, which do not support this argument well.

One of the main reason the arguer insists is that EZ collects once more than ABC every week, by which the arguer seems to suggest that EZ collect trash in a lower average price for every collection. However, price is not of such a definition on the viewpointer of dwellers. Dwellers do not care how many times EZ collects every week, but how clean it makes the streets and how it disturb their daily life. It is entirely possible that the total amount of trash in this town is so small that it is not worthy two collections a week. Also, since the big noise trash-collectin truck makes, dwellers may do not like too many collections. In short, more trash collections is not an advantage, even worse.

Did ABC put a similar plan on agenda that ordering new trucks? The arguer informs that EZ has such a plan while providing no coresponding information about ABC in order to suggest that EZ will have better equipnment condition based on a mere unfair compare between EZ and ABC, which is misleading. Why did EZ order additional trucks? As known, trucks have their own service period, it should be updated when out of service period. This can, to some extend, explan why EZ ordered new trucks. What is more, this may be why the fee of EZ raised. If true, it is unfair to make Walnut Grove’s dwellers afford the cost of EZ.

As far as the survey is concerned, it does not have any significance too. 80 percent of respondent in this survey claimed they were satisfied with EZ’s performance, but what ratio do all the respondents account for? All local dwellers? It is not mentioned. How about the survey result if the object is ABC? Have these respondent ever have chance to experience ABC’s performance? Will the response be better? Without this analysis, the survey can be a meaningless one, which ironically undermine the argument.

In summary, a full, comprehensive, fair compare and more specific evidence are required for the arguer to convince people that EZ does be worth its higher fee than ABC.

题目：ISSUE51 – “Education will be truly effective only when it is specifically designed to meet the individual needs and interests of each student.”
字数：500 用时：上午 1:41:37 日期：2006-7-15

Education should be specifically designed to meet individual needs andinterests of each students, although education can not be that specifically designed under some practical limits.

How do we define the term “effective”? It depends on the purpose of education. The primary aim of education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time,. To achive these goals, specifically designed education does be more effective than normal one.

People always have variety of interests even when they are fairly young, which have considerable relationship with their positions in the society in the future. Effective education should help students to develop their interests naturely other than treat all students equally on teaching subjects. Some students like foundation-science, some may enjoy engeering, while maybe more are pleased by art. They usually do better in those courses in which they are more interested. Interests indicate students’ possible jobs and make them work hard at least on those courese in their interests. In this aspect, obviously education designed for each student is better then ordinary one.

How about the ordinary education? Take my own high school. A classmate of mine, used to studying computer techniques when was still in high school, when computer is not so common as these years. Even stand in today’s viewpoint, he achive a high computer knowledge level, he made little applications, he configured the network of the school computer-lab, he build his own homepage etc. However, since pay too much attention to computer, he finally failed in term-end exams and finally, is expeled. Now, he is working with a high salavy for a well-known internet searching company which is famous as its computer techniques, we old classmates all congratulated after his getting that job. But he once said, if our high school gave him a chance to finish his high school other than exoeled hime out, he may do better. Education did not play a positive role here, although the result not so bad. It can be expected that, with a specifically designed education, which means one could provide good condition for the classmate to develop his interest on computer free, he may become someone creating the core techniques of the company other than a common employee. Specifically designed education does be more effective.

It can not be denyed that there are several limits on education specifically designing. Variety courses means more teachers, which means high budgets of education; Some kind of courses call for expensive equipments such computer network; There are also some majors which spent a lot of time so that it affect student’s common daily life. Also, it is impposible for education to allow students develop their interest freely regardless whether their interests are correct. It is necessary for education to provide censorship to rull out bad interest such as sex and violence.

In one word, only if and if only under proper limits, could education be truly effective when specifically designed to meet the individual needs and interests of each student.

题目：ARGUMENT147 – The following appeared in an editorial in a business magazine.

“Although the sales of Whirlwind video games have declined over the past two years, a recent survey of video-game players suggests that this sales trend is about to be reversed. The survey asked video-game players what features they thought were most important in a video game. According to the survey, players prefer games that provide lifelike graphics, which require the most up-to-date computers. Whirlwind has just introduced several such games with an extensive advertising campaign directed at people 10 to 25 years old, the age-group most likely to play video games. It follows, then, that the sales of Whirlwind video games are likely to increase dramatically in the next few months.”
字数：322 用时：上午 12:30:00 日期：2006-7-14

Whirlwind video games has just introduces several games with lifelike graphics which prevails through a recent survey. So, the arguer claims that the sales of Whirlwind will increase dramatically in the next few months. However, I disagree with the arguer because I have seen no sufficient evidence but unsound reasoning.

Information about the survey among video-game players are vague. When was it conducted? How were respondents chosen? We can not accept such a unclear survey as evidence. Even granted this survey, it does not lend sufficient support to the assumption that people will necessarily pay much attention on Whirlwind’s product. A proclivity for life-like graphics video-games does not means proclivity for all video-game with life-like graphics. Whirlwind must not be the only video-game company in the whole market, there must be many other choice besides Whirlwind. Why people choose whirlwind’s video-game? Did the introduction of Whirlwind’s video-game works? We have no information.

Most up-to-date computers cost most, will people pay money to update their computer just for a video-game? it is open to doubt since not all people can afford this, let alone poeple of 10 to 25 years old who are usually students. Then, even people do be interested in video-game with life-like graphics, it is less likely to cause a sell increase.

Why the sales of whirlwind video games have declined over the past two years? The arguer provides no informations. There are many such possible reasons as poor plot, bad service-after-sell, high price, or competition from other video-game companies. Many factos can contribute to the declining. Without improving previous disadvantage, new video-game also seems to suffer a terrible sale. Without analysis of the reason for sales declining in the past years, it is hard to believe that a new video-game will change the sale condition.

In summary, only of the company provides video-game which is attractive enough requiring low cost and other disadvantages which make people avoid their products do not exists, can the low sales of Whirlwind improved.

The author suggests Tria Island matine sanctuary to abandon their own regulations and adopt those of Omni in order to restore its fish populations and to protect all of Tria’s marine wildlife. But I don’t think this is a good idea because the author provides no full analysis of the functions of these new regulations.

As in this article, the situation of fishing population declining blamed on pollution in the past. However, this reason is simply rule out without any evidence pointing out that pollution has no relationship with fish population declining. Further, fishing is not baaned in Tria Island, while is banned with 10miles of Omni Island, but besides this, the author quotes no other difference between these two islands. The circumstance of fish living refer to many aspects of geography factors, any of which may contribute to fish population changing. As a result, it is necessary for one to find out the real reason for the fish population phenomenon.

What is more, if there do be a unusual fish population declining, which is worth investigating, is still open to doubt. It is common for fishes experience a population declining when in proper season. Many kinds of fishes move from one place to another for instinct such as reproduction. Are fishes in Tria island of these kinds of fishes? And, there is no equal information about fish condition of these two islands, the author confirm that Tria’s fish populations are declining while provide only that Omni reports no significant decline in fish populations. Are tria’s fish population declining sifnificant? Is there such a possibility that Omni just has not report its fish population declining?

How about the feasibility to adopt thoese new regulations of Omni? Regulations in Tria protect a 20-miles wide area while a 10-miles one in Omni. Is a 10-miles one enough? Usually, Mammals have bigger bodys than other kind of marine, so it is naturelly that mammals usually live in a wider area, which means, it is quite likely that those mammals which live out of the 10-miles area will be out of protection after regulations of Omni being applied. In another word, regulations of Omni can be some kind of harmful for The marine sanctuary on Tria Island.

After all, The marine sanctuary in Tria was established to protect certain marine mammals, there is no need to protect all of tria’s marine wildlife include fish. Wildlife protection costs much especially when the animals under protection is of many kinds since different animal have different living custom and the protection should cover bigger area while more kinds of animals will be protected. We have no idea about the protection range of Omni marine sanctuary, if the animal of Omni is fish, a stable fish population will be easy to explan, where as there is no reason and no need for Tria to compare the fish condition with Omni.

To do something for saving fish in Tria, neither has the author any need to save, nor provided a feasible solution. As a result, I totally disagree with him.